AICAR

An activator of AMPK; increases AMPK kinase activity in isolated hepatocytes (EC50 = ~500 µM) and reduces HMG-CoA reductase activity and fatty acid and sterol synthesis in these cells; inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake to 62% of control cells and reduces GLUT4 translocation by 2.5-fold in 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 0.5 mM; prevents increases in protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, and MnSOD induced by LPS and amyloid-β (Aβ) (25-35) and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by LPS and Aβ42 in astrocyte-enriched glial cells at 1 mM; inhibits autophagy in rat hepatocytes (IC50 = 0.3 mM) and induces apoptosis in rat β cells