(R,S)-Anatabine (tartrate)

A minor tobacco alkaloid; an agonist of α4β2 and α6/α3β2β4 subunit-containing nAChRs (EC50s = 6.1 and 3.6 µM, respectively); selective for these nAChRs over α3β4 subunit-containing nAChRs or α7 nAChRs (EC50s = 70.6 and 158.5 µM, respectively); stimulates dopamine release from isolated rat brain synaptosomes (EC50s = 1.76 and >100 µM, respectively); has anxiolytic-like activity in zebrafish at 10 mg/L; decreases disease severity in a mouse model of thyroglobulin, CFA, and M. tuberculosis immunization-induced moderate experimental autoimmune thyroiditis; decreases food and nicotine self-administration in monkeys (ED50s = 2.085 and 0.854 mg/kg, respectively); has been used as a biomarker of tobacco use